Pericoma rivularis Berdén, 1954

Pericoma rivularis Berdén, 1954
Pericoma rivularis Berdén, 1954
Pericoma (Pachypericoma) bavarica Wagner, 1981 (syn. Wagner 1994)
Pericoma (Pachypericoma) rivularis Berdén, 1954 - Wagner, 1994
Pneumia rivularis (Berdén, 1954) - Omelková & Ježek, 2012

Pericoma rivularis Berdén, 1954 from eastern Norway. Photo: Gunnar Mikalsen Kvifte

Description (based on Norwegian specimens, diagnostic characters in italics):
Eye bridge consisting of 4 rows of facets.
Flagellomere 14 with an unusually elongate apiculus for a Pericoma (see note below).
Gonocoxites very stout without mesal apodemes. Gonostylus with a long narrow part and a thickened base.
Inner lamellae distally terminating behind outer lamellae. Subgenital plate deeply bilobate, aedeagal armature with transverse rows of ridges anterior to edge of subgenital plate.
5-7 spatulate retinacula.

DNA:
COI: JQ349583 (from Kvifte & Andersen 2012)
NADH: JQ767098 and JQ767099 (from Espindola et al. 2012)
cyt B: JQ767036 and JQ767037 (from Espindola et al. 2012)


Distribution:
Czech Republic (Ježek 2003)
England (Withers 1989)
Finland (Berdén, 1954)
Germany (Wagner 1981, as Pericoma bavarica Wagner, 1981)
Ireland (Withers & O'Connor 1992)
Norway (Andersen & Håland, 1995)
Primorye (Russian far East) (Wagner 1994)
Scotland (Withers 1989)
Sweden (Berdén, 1954)

Natural History:
Unknown.

Discussion:
Wagner (1981) described Pericoma bavarica from Germany. The synonymy with Pericoma rivularis is not obvious from the illustrations, but is clear from the actual specimens.
Omelková & Ježek (2012) placed Pericoma rivularis in Pneumia Enderlein, 1935 based on the elongate apiculus on the terminal flagellomere. Kvifte & Andersen (2012) pointed out that Pneumia typically have retinacula with feathery tips and eyebridges of six or seven facets and argued that the elongate apiculus is a plesiomorphy of little value in classification. The placement of Pericoma rivularis is still unclear.

Bibliography
Andersen, T. & Håland, Ø. 1995. Norwegian moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Fauna Norvegica Serie B. 42: 125-130.

Berdén, S. 1954. Taxonomical notes on Psychodidae (Dipt. Nem.) II. Four new species of Pericoma from Fennoscandia. Opuscula entomologica. 19: 33-39.

Espindola, M. A., Buerki, S., Jacquier, A., Ježek, J. & Alvarez, N. 2012. Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily Psychodinae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Zoologica Scripta. 41: 489-498.

Ježek, J. 2003. New faunistic data and check list of non Phlebotomine moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from the Czech and Slovak republics. Časopis Národního muzea, Řada přírodovědná. 172: 121-132.

Kvifte, G. M. & Andersen, T. 2012. Moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Finnmark, northern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Entomology. 59: 108-119.

Omelková, M. & Ježek, J. 2012. Two new species of Pneumia Enderlein (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae) from the Palearctic region. Zootaxa. 3180: 1-18.

Wagner, R. 1981. Über einige Psychodiden (Diptera, Nematocera) aus dem Murnauer Moos. Entomofauna. 2: 47-56.

Wagner, R. 1994. On a collection of Psychodidae (Diptera) from the Far East of Russia. Studia dipterologica. 1: 75-92.

Withers, P. 1989. Moth Flies Diptera: Psychodidae. Dipterists Digest. 4: 1-83.

Withers, P. & O'Connor, J. P. 1992. A Preliminary Account of the Irish Species of Moth Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae). Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science. 92B: 61-77.

Pericoma Walker, 1856

Pericoma Walker, 1856
Pericoma Walker, 1856
Leptopericoma Vaillant, 1978

Type species: Pericoma trifasciata (Meigen, 1804)

Description (based on Vaillant 1978)
Eyes separated by 2-8 facet diameters, usually less than 5. Eyebridge of 3-4 rows of facets. Interocular suture always present; U- or V-shaped.
Antennae of 16 barrel- or spindle-shaped segments. Scape stout, less than twice as long as broad, pedicel stout, globular. Flagellomere 14 with a short, thick apiculus. Ascoids simple, short, present mostly on flagellomeres 4-11.
Corniculi and allurement organs absent.
Sc long and conspicuous.
Hypandrium usually of even width. Subgenital plate usually bilobed.
Parameres fused with aedeagus, creating four aedeagal lamellae.
Surstylus usually with 4-5 retinacula, occasionally 3-8. Retinacula long, usually spatulate.

Key to subgenera (based on Krek 1999):

1. Eyebridge of 3 facet rows. Eyes separated by more than five facet diameters

Botosaneanuiella Vaillant, 1978

-. Eyebridge of 4 facet rows. Eyes separated by five facet diameters or less

2

2 (1). Antennae 3,5 times as long as head. Flagellar segments elongate, spindle-shaped, first flagellomere 2,3 times length of scape

Vaillantiella Krek, 1983

-. Antennae less than twice as long as head. Flagellar segments shorter, barrell-shaped, first flagellomere less than twice as long as scape

3

3 (2). Gonocoxites without mesal apodemes. Gonocoxites meeting broadly

Pachypericoma Vaillant, 1978

-. Gonocoxites with mesal apodemes. Gonocoxites separated for most of their lengths, except at apex of mesal apodeme

Pericoma s.str.

Species:
Subgenus Pericoma s.str.
Nearctic:
signata (Banks, 1901)

Oriental:
coei Vaillant, 1965

Palearctic:
alhambrana Vaillant, 1978
alticola Vaillant, 1955
arvernica Vaillant, 1978
barbarica Vaillant, 1955
barremica Vaillant & Withers, 1993
becharreense Wagner, 1980
bosniaca Krek, 1967
bunae Krek, 1979
calcifera Vaillant & Withers, 1993
calcilega Feuerborn, 1923
corsicana Vaillant, 1955
crenophila Wagner & Schrankel, 2005
diversa Tonnoir, 1920
dlabolai Ježek, 1990
egeica Vaillant, 1978
exquisita Eaton, 1893
graecica Vaillant, 1978
granadica Vaillant, 1978
hakkariae Wagner, 1986
improvisa Wagner & Baez, 1993
incrustans Vaillant, 1978 (larva only)
insularis (Wagner & Salamanna, 1984)
isabellae Wagner in Wagner & Schrankel, 2005
latina Sarà, 1954
limicola Vaillant, 1961
ljubiniensis Krek, 1967
kabulica Wagner, 1979
kariana Vaillant, 1978
kugleri Wagner, 1984
maculosa Wagner, 1979
maroccana Vaillant, 1955
modesta Tonnoir, 1922
motasi Vaillant, 1978
orientalis Wagner, 1986
paghmanica Wagner, 1979
pallida Vaillant, 1978
pannonica Szabò, 1960
pingarestica Vaillant, 1978
platystyla Wagner, 1986
pseudocalcilega Krek, 1972
pseudoexquisita Tonnoir, 1940
restonicana Vaillant, 1978
segregata Vaillant, 1978
servadeii Salamanna, 1981
sinica Wagner, 2003
solitaria (Wagner & Salamanna 1984)
shikokuensis Tokunaga & Komyo, 1954
tatrica Szabò, 1960
taurica Ježek, 1990
tenerifensis Satchell, 1955
tenuistylis Vaillant, 1978
tienshanensis Ježek, 1994
tonnoiri Vaillant, 1978
trifasciata (Meigen, 1804)
vestita Vaillant & Withers, 1993
viperina Vaillant, 1961
volpina Vaillant, 1978

Subgenus Botosaneanuiella Vaillant, 1978
affinis Krek, 1985
attentuata Vaillant, 1979

Key to species of Botosaneanuiella Vaillant, 1978
1. Aedeagus rounded distally. Hypandrium broad with triangular median extension

Pericoma affinis Krek, 1985

-. Aedeagus squareish distally. Hypandrium comparatively narrow, without any expansions

Pericoma attentuata Vaillant, 1979

Subgenus Pachypericoma Vaillant, 1978
blandula Eaton, 1893
fallax Eaton, 1893
neoblandula Duckhouse, 1962
nielseni Kvifte, 2010
 note: Wagner (1994) places Pericoma rivularis Berdén, 1954 as well in Pachypericoma. This species has, however, an elongate apiculus on the terminal flagellomere; the apomorphic alternative of which is present both in all other Pericoma and even in some Berdeniella. A phylogenetic analysis of Pericomaini is neccessary to place P. rivularis with any degree of confidence.

Key to species of Pericoma (Pachypericoma) (based on Vaillant 1978)
1. Thin part of gonostylus much shorter than thickened part. Inner aedeagal lamellae with parallel sides

Pericoma nielseni Kvifte, 2010

-. Thin part of gonostylus as long or almost as long as thickened part. Inner aedeagal lamellae with parallel sides or concave lateral margins

2

2 (1). Inner aedeagal lamellae with straight lateral margins (margins of aedeagal lamellae parallel)

Pericoma fallax Eaton, 1893

-. Inner aedeagal lamellae with concave lateral margins

Pericoma blandula Eaton, 1893 and Pericoma neoblandula Duckhouse, 1962

 note: Secure separation of these species is only possible in the larval stage (Vaillant 1979).


Subgenus Vaillantiella Krek, 1983

antennata Krek, 1984

Unplaced species

hygropetrica Wagner, 1993
 note: Wagner (1993) placed this species in Pericoma only provisionally. Probably it belongs in a new genus due to its unique combination of characters.
rivularis Berdén, 1954
 note: Omelková & Ježek (2012) suggested that rivularis was a species of Pneumia Enderlein, 1935. Kvifte & Andersen (2012) considered this unlikely because of rivularis' narrow eyebridge and spatulate retinacula.


Biology:
Pericoma appear to be strictly aquatic, with larval development in water films on rocky walls, in moist calcareous sand or in aquatic to semiaquatic bryophytes (Vaillant 1978).

Bibliography
Krek, S. 1999. Psychodidae (Diptera Insecta) Balkanskog Poluotoka. Studentska Stamparija Univerziteta Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 417 pp.

Kvifte, G. M. & Andersen, T. 2012. Moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Finnmark, northern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Entomology. 59: 108-119.

Omelková, M. & Ježek, J. 2012. Two new species of Pneumia Enderlein (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae) from the Palearctic region. Zootaxa. 3180: 1-18.

Vaillant, F. 1978. Psychodidae - Psychodinae. Pp. 207-238 in: Lindner, E. (ed.) Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Lief. 317. E. Schweizerbart'scheVerlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart

Vaillant, F. 1979. Psychodidae - Psychodinae. Pp. 239-270 in: Lindner, E. (ed.) Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Lief. 320. E. Schweizerbart'scheVerlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart

Wagner, R. 1993. On a collection of Psychodidae (Diptera) by Dr. L. Botosaneanu from some Caribbean Islands. Aquatic Insects. 15: 109-127.

Walker, F. 1856. Insecta Brittannica, Diptera. Volume 3. L. Reeve, London. 352 pp

Pericoma nielseni Kvifte, 2010

Pericoma nielseni Kvifte, 2010

Pericoma formosa Nielsen, 1964, nec. Meunier 1905

Pericoma (Pachypericoma) formosa Nielsen, 1964 - Vaillant, 1978

Pericoma nielseni Kvifte, 2010 from Norway. Photo: Gunnar Mikalsen Kvifte

Description (based on Vaillant 1978; diagnostic characters in italics):

Interocular distance 2 facet diameters.

Subgenital plate with two distal lobes.

Gonocoxites meeting medially. Distal part of gonostylus much shorter than basal part. Aedeagal lamellae of even width throughout their length

4 retinacula

Distribution:

Czech Republic (Ježek et al. 2005)

Denmark (Nielsen 1964)

France (Vaillant 1978)

Finland (Salmela 2003)

Norway (Andersen & Håland 1995)

Romania (Vaillant 1978)

Slovakia (Ježek 2006)

Natural History:

Unknown.

Bibliography:

Andersen, T. & Håland, Ø. 1995. Norwegian moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Fauna Norvegica Serie B, 42: 125-130

Ježek, J. 2006. New faunistic records of moth flies (Insecta, Diptera, Psychodidae) from Slovakia. Entomofauna Carpathica, 18: 34-36

Ježek, J., Kubík, Š. & Barták, M. 2005. Psychodidae. Pp. 78-85 in: Barták, M. & Kubík, Š. (ed.) Diptera of Podyjí National Park and its Environs. Prague: Národni Muzeum

Kvifte, G. M. 2010. Pericoma nielseni nom.nov., a replacement name for Pericoma formosa Nielsen, 1964, preoccupied by Pericoma formosa Meunier, 1905 (Diptera: Psychodidae). Zootaxa 2726: 68

Meunier, F. 1905. Monographie des Psychodidae de l'ámber de la baltique. Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 3: 235-255

Nielsen, B. O. 1964. Studies on Danish Psychodidae (Diptera: Nematocera) II. Natura Jutlandica 12: 149-161

Salmela, J. 2003. New records of the families Psychodidae, Dixidae and Thaumaleidae (Diptera, Nematocera) from Finland. Studia dipterologica, 10: 143-152. 

Vaillant, F. 1978. Psychodidae - Psychodinae. In: E. Lindner (ed.), Die Fliegen Der Palearktischen Region Lief. 317, pp. 207-238. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.